{"id":2882,"date":"2022-09-23T20:53:35","date_gmt":"2022-09-23T18:53:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icanbeme.space\/?p=2882"},"modified":"2023-02-02T17:51:16","modified_gmt":"2023-02-02T16:51:16","slug":"science-decision-making-episode-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/23\/science-decision-making-episode-1\/","title":{"rendered":"The Science of Human Behaviour: Decision Making \u2013 Episode 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4><strong>Rational Choice Theory: From situation to action<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h6><u><strong>Introduction to Rational Choice Theory (RCT)<\/strong><\/u><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Decision making can be as simple as switching on the coffee machine in the morning \u2013 a routine we may not even notice. In the next moment, it can be as complex as weighing all the pros and cons of buying a house in the city versus on the country side and not finding a clear winner. Every day we take <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/stretching-theory\/201809\/how-many-decisions-do-we-make-each-day\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">35000 actions<\/a>, all based on conscious or subconscious decisions. These decisions lie on a spectrum from hardly noticeable to driving us nuts. Is there a qualitative difference between these types of decisions? And how do we actually make decisions? <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/www.studypool.com_-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2902\" width=\"460\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/www.studypool.com_-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/www.studypool.com_-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/www.studypool.com_-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/www.studypool.com_-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/www.studypool.com_.png 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 460px) 100vw, 460px\" \/><figcaption>Source: studypool.com<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Rational Choice Theory (RCT)<sup>[1-6]<\/sup> is the, in my opinion, best contemporary theory, which can give you all the answers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>\u201cRational???\u201d \u2013 I can hear you say now \u2026 Followed by: <\/p><p>\u201cAbsolutely, *my* decisions are always rational!\u201d <br>or <br>\u201cWhat? No \u2026 Humans are inherently irrational!\u201d<\/p><cite>You \u2013 the reader<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Well, that depends on the definition of what <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/28\/science-decision-making-episode-2\/#Rational_Definition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">rational<\/a> means, but first things first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Put yourself in the position of taking a specific action, like you do so many times a day. You are an actor in that situation. Now, in that situation what influences your decision? It depends on the situation of course \ud83d\ude09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  <a id=\"RCT_4ConstituentsActorsSituation\" class=\"mce-item-anchor\"><\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6><u><strong>The actor&#8217;s situation<\/strong><\/u><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>According to RCT<sup>[1]<\/sup>, at any point of making a decision, an actor finds himself in a situation (<a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Icanbeme_ActorsSituation.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Fig. 1<\/strong><\/a>), which is comprised of <strong><em>3 external &amp; 1 internal components<\/em><\/strong>. The <strong>internal constituent<\/strong> is the <em>identity <\/em>of the actor, comprised of their values, wishes, attitudes, skills and personality. The<strong> 3 external constituents<\/strong> are <em>material opportunities<\/em>, <em>institutional norms<\/em> and the <em>cultural frame<\/em> relevant in the present situation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><u>Material opportunities at present<\/u><br>Sounds like money \u2013 is it money? No, material opportunities are much more than that. In short, they are any kind of capital or resources that you find relevant for your situation. Personally, I find Bourdieu\u2019s<sup>[7]<\/sup> 4 different categories of capital very useful: economic, cultural, social and symbolic capital.<ul><li><strong>Economic capital<\/strong> is closest to what we usually understand as capital in our daily lives. It consists of financial resources, time and material resources for one\u2019s work, such as computers, but also facilities.<\/li><li><strong>Cultural capital<\/strong> includes the education, the knowledge and skills that one has attained.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Social capital<\/strong> are all human resources that an actor has access to, including their co-workers, their family, friends and network.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Symbolic capital<\/strong> is acquired through recognition of achievements, for example transcripts, certificates or the CV. This kind of capital is a symbol for having obtained other forms of capital.<br><br><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><u>Institutional norms<\/u><br>Institutional norms set the rules for what is appropriate behaviour and define what are desirable goals. Read more on the function of and compliance with institutional norms <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/26\/science-decision-making-episode-1-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a>. As an example picture the explicit and implicit rules in your work environment or the expectations that come with having a romantic relationship (not to cheat for instance).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><u>Cultural reference frame<\/u><br>The cultural reference frame refers to symbols and shared values in our culture\/ society. Symbols help to identify what (material) opportunities and restrictions apply and what alternatives are possible. As an example take the non-smoking sign. When you see that you know which rule applies: you may not smoke.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Icanbeme_ActorsSituation.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" src=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Icanbeme_ActorsSituation.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2885\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Icanbeme_ActorsSituation.jpg 800w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Icanbeme_ActorsSituation-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Icanbeme_ActorsSituation-768x490.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Fig 1<\/strong>: <strong>Constituents of the Logic of the Situation<\/strong> (created by me, based on [1])<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Reconstructing the relevant factors that make up an actor\u2019s situation results in the <em>logic of the situation<\/em>. This analytical step basically delivers the reasons for an action. In that sense is every action explainable (even if it seems <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/28\/science-decision-making-episode-2\/#Rational_Definition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">irrational<\/a>, cruel or disagreeable). Therefore, fully understanding the situation of an actor, explains their action, whether we personally agree with it or not. Naturally, often we won\u2019t know all the relevant factors of somebody else\u2019s situation, but maybe this insight helps us being aware that everybody has their reasons for their actions.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"420\" height=\"294\" src=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Everything-happens-for-a-reason.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2890\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Everything-happens-for-a-reason.png 420w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Everything-happens-for-a-reason-300x210.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><figcaption>Often we judge others like this,while we find our own reasons to make much more sense &#8230;<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Note, that some situations are lasting longer than others. For example, studying for an exam may last weeks. You may view the decisions where you sit down and study then as a sub-situation of the larger one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  <a id=\"RCT_Scripts\" class=\"mce-item-anchor\"><\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6><u><strong><strong><u>Now, how does one get from situation to action?<\/u><\/strong><\/strong><\/u><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Most of our daily decisions (tens of thousands!) are made subconsciously. We make them according to so-called scripts. <strong><em>Scripts <\/em><\/strong>are action plans in our subconscious, based on our socialization and past experiences. These routines include open slots for improvisation.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.etsy.com\/shop\/cafesagittariusart\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/CafeSagittariusArt_Sticker-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2891\" width=\"373\" height=\"373\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/CafeSagittariusArt_Sticker-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/CafeSagittariusArt_Sticker-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/CafeSagittariusArt_Sticker-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/CafeSagittariusArt_Sticker-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/CafeSagittariusArt_Sticker.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 373px) 100vw, 373px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cafe-sagittarius.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">www.cafe-sagittarius.com<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>For example, imagine entering a caf\u00e9; you are not wondering why there are people sitting around tables chatting with each other (you would be wondering if there was sitting a naked person though, not complying to our norms that we need to be dressed in public). You don\u2019t need to think about what to do to get your coffee, but go straight to the counter. This whole process is so automatic that you can probably do it while having a phone call. In the next step, you may have to pause that call for a second to decide which coffee to get. You do so by looking at the menu, which outlays your options by means of symbols that make up our alphabet, which you grew up with in our culture. This way you make a conscious decision within the improvisation slot of your caf\u00e9 script (or you take whatever you take every day and don\u2019t need to think about it). You go back to your phone call, while you are paying at the same time (because you subconsciously know you have enough economic capital for this action). Most of these actions were automated and unquestioned, performed according to your caf\u00e9 script.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before applying a script we have subconsciously made another decision: what frame of orientation to apply. By framing the situation, an actor defines what is important or relevant. Hence, a frame of orientation is a model of the situation, often including the definition of certain goals, which gives an actor orientation. When being home alone you\u2019ll probably apply a different frame than throwing a party at home or having a normal day at the office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To summarise, when we do something we first (subconsciously) choose the frame of orientation, which defines the relevant aspects of the situation (our material opportunities, the rules at present, our goals at present and the cultural contingencies). Within these frames, we have certain scripts available, which help us taking most actions without putting too much conscious effort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Okay, now we covered most of our daily decisions, which are subconscious. However, what about our conscious decisions? The <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/28\/science-decision-making-episode-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">next episode<\/a> on decision making will cover those :).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\"><em>References<\/em>\n\n[1] Esser, H., (1999), \u201cSoziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen. Band 1: Situationslogik und Handeln\u201c, Campus Verlag Frankfurt\/New York, DOI: 10.1007\/s11577-001-0109-z\n[2] Esser, H., (1999), \u201cSoziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen. Band 2: Die Konstruktion der Gesellschaft\u201c, Campus Verlag Frankfurt\/ New York\n[3] Esser, H., (2000), \u201cSoziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen. Band 3: Soziales Handeln\u201c, Campus Verlag Frankfurt\/ New York\n[4] Esser, H., (2000), \u201cSoziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen. Band 4: Opportunit\u00e4ten und Restriktionen\u201c, Campus Verlag Frankfurt\/New York, DOI: 10.1007\/s11577-001-0110-6\n[5] Esser, H., (2000), \u201cSoziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen. Band 5: Institutionen\u201c, Campus Verlag Frankfurt\/New York, DOI: 10.1007\/s11577-001-0112-4\n[6] Esser, H., (2001), \u201cSoziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen. Band 6: Sinn und Kultur\u201c, Campus Verlag Frankfurt\/ New York\n[7] Bourdieu, P., (1983), \u201c\u00d6konomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, soziales Kapital\u201d, In: Kreckel R. (Ed.), \u201cSoziale Ungleichheiten\u201d, Sonderband 2 der Sozialen Welt, G\u00f6ttingen 1983, p. 185ff.<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Navigate through the episodes of the special theme<em> The Science of Human Behaviour<\/em> here:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4><strong>Table of Contents<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"0\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/special-themes\/the-science-of-human-behaviour\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Introduction to&nbsp;<em>The Science of Human Behaviour<\/em><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/08\/30\/science-motivation-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Motivation<\/a>: Research shows that there are 5 different types of motivation. Especially the aggregate forms \u2013 <strong>autonomous vs. controlled motivation<\/strong> \u2013 have a different impact on our well-being.<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/08\/30\/science-motivation-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 1<\/a>: 5 Types of Motivation<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/19\/science-motivation-episode-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 2<\/a>: Impact of Motivation on our Well-Being<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/23\/science-decision-making-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Decision Making<\/a>: <strong>Rational Choice Theory<\/strong> explains how we make our 35000 daily decisions and how social phenomena arise from our individual behaviour.<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/23\/science-decision-making-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 1<\/a>: From situation to action<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/26\/science-decision-making-episode-1-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 1.1<\/a>: Institutional Norms<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/28\/science-decision-making-episode-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 2<\/a>: Taking action<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/25\/the-science-of-human-behaviour-decision-making-episode-2-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 2.1<\/a>: Excursion: Deviant Behaviour<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/29\/science-decision-making-episode-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 3<\/a>: Emergence of Social Phenomena<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/03\/science-self-organisation-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Self-Organisation &amp; Transformation<\/a>: <strong>Synergetics <\/strong>\u2013 the meta-theory of order transitions \u2013 connects the natural sciences with the social sciences and explain what we can change and what we cannot.<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/30\/synergetics-dictionary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Synergetics-Dictionary<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/03\/science-self-organisation-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 1<\/a>: Physical principles and basics<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/04\/science-self-organisation-episode-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 2<\/a>: The relevance of transformation<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/05\/science-self-organisation-episode-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 3<\/a>: The Agile Organisation <\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2023\/02\/01\/synergetic-navigation-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 3.1<\/a>: The Synergetic Navigation System (SNS)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Written by Julia Heuritsch | Last edited: 23rd September 2022<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rational Choice Theory: From situation to action<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[32,34],"tags":[16,31,17],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Science: Decision Making - 1 | I can be me Blog - Julia Heuritsch<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Every day we make 35000 decisions. 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