{"id":3113,"date":"2022-10-03T12:24:14","date_gmt":"2022-10-03T10:24:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/icanbeme.space\/?p=3113"},"modified":"2023-08-17T14:21:02","modified_gmt":"2023-08-17T12:21:02","slug":"science-self-organisation-episode-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/03\/science-self-organisation-episode-1\/","title":{"rendered":"The Science of Human Behaviour: Self-Organisation \u2013 Episode 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4><strong><strong>Synergetics: Physical principles and basics<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>Synergetics \u2013 sounds a bit esoteric and some (scientists) would probably give a meta-theory of order and change no more credibility than esotericism. And yet, synergetics \u2013 based on physics \u2013 promises precisely such a theory! But how does physics have anything to do with us humans and our behaviour? A quick answer is simple \u2013 all of us consist of nothing else than <a href=\"https:\/\/www.universiteitleiden.nl\/en\/news\/2020\/10\/massive-stars-are-factories-for-ingredients-to-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">star dust<\/a> ;).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The more comprehensive answer lies in synergetics.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"431\" src=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pngkit_water-wave-png_1181113-1024x431.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3130\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pngkit_water-wave-png_1181113-1024x431.png 1024w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pngkit_water-wave-png_1181113-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pngkit_water-wave-png_1181113-768x323.png 768w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pngkit_water-wave-png_1181113-1536x647.png 1536w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pngkit_water-wave-png_1181113-2048x863.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><strong>A water wave is a self-organised phenomenon<\/strong>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pngkit.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Source<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synergetics_(Haken)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Synergetics<\/a> is the most developed interdisciplinary science explaining the formation and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/30\/synergetics-dictionary\/#Definition_SelfOrganisation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong><em>self-organization<\/em><\/strong><\/a> of&nbsp;patterns&nbsp;and structures. It was originally founded by the physicist <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hermann_Haken\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hermann Haken<\/a>. Synergetics is a meta-theory of transformation and innovation processes, whose basics principles can be applied to physical, biological, psychological, as well as social and organisational processes. In order to accomplish that, the theory is based on physics and mathematical formalisations on an abstract level<sup>[1: p.31]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Without getting too mathematical (!), this first episode of synergetics will delineate the most important principals, ideas and terms of synergetics for those readers, who have an interest in natural sciences, or at least are curious how we relate to star dust. I promise I will do my best to describe these basics in the most accessible way I can. If you, however, would like to skip this episode and immediately want to continue with the <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/04\/science-self-organisation-episode-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">next one<\/a> \u2013 what synergetics has to do with transformation and organisational change \u2013 you are welcome to do so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For those of you, who decided to stay \u2013 <strong>welcome to the world where I connect the natural sciences with the social sciences<\/strong> :).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6><strong><u><strong><u><strong>Open &amp; complex systems<\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Self-organization always takes place within a certain system. We humans, for example, are bio-psychological-social systems and an organisation is a social system<sup>[1]<\/sup>. Systems are concrete or abstract objects, which<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>have definite boundaries, and yet are open to their surroundings (e.g. an organisation)<\/li><li>consist of individual parts (e.g. employees)<sup>[1: p.77]<\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Within a system these individual parts may interact with each other under certain conditions (e.g. with respect to <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/26\/science-decision-making-episode-1-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">norms &amp; rules<\/a>, organisational culture or shared goals) and may interact with the outside of the system under certain other conditions. The boundaries of this system can be described by the so-called boundary conditions. For example, a vase is a system which hinders liquid to flow outside.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/unintended-consequences1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3118\" width=\"347\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/unintended-consequences1.jpg 480w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/unintended-consequences1-300x176.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 347px) 100vw, 347px\" \/><figcaption><a href=\"http:\/\/www.interactioninstitute.org\/unintended-consequences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Source<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Synergetics is concerned with so-called <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_system_(systems_theory)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong><em>open &amp; complex systems<\/em><\/strong><\/a>. <em>Open<\/em> means that the system\u2019s boundaries are characterised by rules on how an interaction is possible with the outside of the system. These rules are also part of the boundary conditions. Plausible examples are the in-\/out flow of energy into a biological system or the provision and remuneration of services of organisations. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/30\/synergetics-dictionary\/#Definition_ComplexSystems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Complex<\/a><\/em> refers to the system consisting of a plurality of individual parts, which can interact with each other in various ways. Because of the system\u2019s complexity, these dynamics are generally <em>non-linear<\/em>, which means that a small change in the process may have a huge impact in the outcome (<em>more on <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/30\/synergetics-dictionary\/#Definition_Chaos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">chaos theory<\/a> below<\/em>). The consequence of non-linearity is that the predictability of a certain outcome given a certain input is relatively low. That is also the simple reason why top-down directed measures often have <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unintended_consequences\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">unintended consequences<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/unintended-consequences2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3119\" width=\"461\" height=\"319\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/unintended-consequences2.jpg 650w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/unintended-consequences2-300x208.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 461px) 100vw, 461px\" \/><figcaption><strong>Unintended consequences<\/strong>; Picture by <a href=\"https:\/\/devops.com\/author\/breselman\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Roelbob<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h6><strong><u><strong><u><strong><strong>The system\u2019s determining factors<\/strong><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Essentially, there are 3 sorts of factors, which determine any system:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Control parameters:<br><\/strong>The boundary conditions, which describe the boundaries between system and environment, are represented by so-called control parameters<sup>[1: p.247]<\/sup>. These describe the influence of the surroundings on the respective system. Examples are external circumstances, such as the magnitude of the energy influx, the stock price, the economic situation or the size of the organisation. <em>Control parameters are the relatively most difficult influenceable factors of the system.<br><br><\/em><\/li><li><strong>Order parameters:<\/strong><br>These are the predominant\/ leading parts of the system. Examples are dominant figures, the purpose of the organisation, the organisational culture or its structure. Order parameters embody <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/29\/science-decision-making-episode-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">macroscopic qualities that emerge from microscopic qualities of the system<\/a> (<em>more on <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/30\/synergetics-dictionary\/#Definition_Emergence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">emergence<\/a> below<\/em>). The organisational culture, for example, can\u2019t be \u201cinstalled\u201d externally by some consultant just like that; instead it is the result of the interaction between employees, which, in turn, originates from their values and those of the organisation<sup>1<\/sup>. <em>Order parameters can be more easily influenced than control parameter. However, they are relatively more stable than the so-called <\/em>enslaved parts<em> of the system.<\/em><br><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/PositiveFeedbackLoop.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3124\" width=\"413\" height=\"241\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/PositiveFeedbackLoop.png 693w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/PositiveFeedbackLoop-300x175.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\" \/><figcaption><strong>Positive feedback loop<\/strong>; <br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.loriannoberlin.com\/couplefamily-therapy\">Source<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Enslaved parts:<br><\/strong>While order parameters emerge from the interaction of the parts of the system, order parameters, in turn, enslave the system\u2019s parts (<em>principle of enslavement<\/em>). Hence, we are dealing with a so-called <strong><em>circular causality<\/em><\/strong>. Examples of circular are positive\/ negative feedback loops. \u201cEnslavement\u201d may sound quite brutal, but has a different connotation in physics (macroscopic properties of a system influencing microscopic ones) and shouldn\u2019t be taking literally. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/NegativeFeedbackLoop-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3125\" width=\"326\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/NegativeFeedbackLoop-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/NegativeFeedbackLoop-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/NegativeFeedbackLoop-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/NegativeFeedbackLoop-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/NegativeFeedbackLoop.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 326px) 100vw, 326px\" \/><figcaption><strong>Negative feedback loop<\/strong>; Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/diversifiedcommunityservicescdclasvegas\/photos\/a.334455690549566\/652262522102213\/?type=3&amp;av=1000005995589\n\n82&amp;eav=Afbt63kNTxWydv_2ztlJc08Ru69v9sEbFiqIuY47pobB9sSGEOT65zj1nC0p9oQP-Hw&amp;source=57&amp;paipv=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Facebook<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Often we have the choice of whether we\u2019d like to be \u201ctag-alongs\u201d or whether we choose to act, for example, against organisational norms. Nevertheless, we should not underestimate the implicit and subtle impact of order parameters, such as an organisational culture or behavioural norms in our society, especially because <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/25\/the-science-of-human-behaviour-decision-making-episode-2-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">deviant behaviour<\/a> often causes us to suffer negative consequences. In this sense, we could say we are enslaved to <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/26\/science-decision-making-episode-1-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">institutional norms<\/a> (we do have the conscious choice to act against them, however in most cases that is not worth the trouble). <em>The enslaved parts of the system are the relatively most dynamic (most influenceable) factors of the system.<\/em>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6><strong><u><strong><u><strong><strong><strong><u>The model of self-organisation<\/u><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong> <\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Self-organization within a system can therefore be illustrated by <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Icanbeme_SynergeticsModel.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fig. 1<\/a><\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Icanbeme_SynergeticsModel.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"601\" src=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Icanbeme_SynergeticsModel-1024x601.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Icanbeme_SynergeticsModel-1024x601.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Icanbeme_SynergeticsModel-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Icanbeme_SynergeticsModel-768x451.jpg 768w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Icanbeme_SynergeticsModel.jpg 1120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Fig 1: The model of self-organisation.<\/strong> <br>Source: Originally from a  presentation by Arne Wunderlin (1990), adapted by [1] and translated from German by me<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The order parameters are \u201clocated\u201d on the system\u2019s relative <em>macro level<\/em>, while the enslaved parts can be found on the relative <em>micro level<\/em>. The definition of <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/29\/science-decision-making-episode-3\/#MicroMacroPhenomena\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">micro- and macro level<\/a> depends on what sort of system we are looking at. Considering a water surface, for instance, a wave would be a phenomenon on macro level, while the individual interacting water drops would take the role as the enslaved parts on the micro level. Water drops themselves are macro phenomena as compared to the relative micro phenomena of H2O molecules (and others) interacting with each other. With respect to an organisation, we could consider the organisational culture as an order parameter on the macro level, while the behaviour of the individual employees would be described through the micro level. In a social system like our society, we can easily depict <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/26\/science-decision-making-episode-1-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">institutional norms<\/a> as macro phenomena, which prescribe certain behaviour to us humans on the micro level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>\u201cMicro- and macro level are relative to each other. This means that what in one system is an order parameter\/ located on the macro level, could be an individual part of a new self-organised system on the next higher level. In human systems nested systems play a big role (e.g. neuronal networks in the brain or functional units in organisations).\u201d <\/p><cite>\u2013 [1: p.135; translated from German]<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h6><strong><u><strong><u><strong><strong><strong><u>Emergence<\/u><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong> <\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>As mentioned above, macroscopic phenomena (macro level) emerge out of the dynamics of the individual parts of the system (micro level). <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/30\/synergetics-dictionary\/#Definition_Emergence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Emergence<\/a> refers to the \u201cdevelopment of novel properties (or qualities) of a system\u201d<sup>[1: p.79]<\/sup>, which cannot simply be explained solely based on the properties of the individual parts that make up the system. We need to clarify two terms at this point; what does \u201cnovel properties\u201d and \u201ccannot simply be explained\u201d actually mean in relation to emergence?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What is regarded as \u201cnovel properties\u201d (just like the definition of micro- and macro level) depends on the point of view. For example, considering the human brain, consciousness would be a \u201cnew\u201d phenomenon, arising from the chemical interactions of the biological neuronal network. Taking an organisation as an example, the organisational culture would be a \u201cnovel\u201d phenomenon, emerging from the interactions of many humans (bio-psychological-social systems, including consciousness). \u201cCannot simply be explained\u201d is also a relative statement: Most phenomena are only at first glance not <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reductionism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">reductively<\/a> (i.e. based on the sum of its individual parts) explainable. Looking more carefully, one can find out which properties of the individual parts, paired with influences from the environment, lead to the dynamics, which eventually spawns the macro phenomenon. Often this requires means of scientific methods and technological innovations or at least a certain level of knowledge. For example, chemical compounds can be fully explained by means of physics (chemical compounds are macro phenomena relative to the physical properties they consist of). If a phenomenon can \u2013 at least theoretically \u2013 be explained reductively, we are dealing with the so-called <strong><em>weak emergence<\/em><\/strong>. We may also call it <strong>quasi emergence<\/strong>, since the <strong>emergent character of the macro phenomenon disappears, when one takes a closer (educated) look<\/strong> at the properties and interactions of the micro parts of the system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  <a id=\"Definition_TrueChance\" class=\"mce-item-anchor\"><\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Strong emergence<\/strong><\/em>, thus genuine emergence, brings <em>true chance<\/em> into the game. What is true chance?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to illustrate the difference between true and actually explainable chance, I give an example that emerged from a private communication with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hschoeller.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dr. Helmut Sch\u00f6ller<\/a>, scientist at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pmu.ac.at\/institute-kliniken\/universitaetsinstitute\/synergetik-und-psychotherapieforschung.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Institute for synergetics and psychotherapy research<\/a> in Salzburg (Austria): In daily language we would call it an unfortunate <em>co-incidence<\/em> if somebody who tiles their roof, drops a tile at exactly the moment a runner passes by. In daily language it makes sense to draw this back to chance, because those two bio-psychological-social systems (roofer &amp; runner) are not in an obvious relation to each other. In this case, this means that they didn\u2019t agree with each other on this event and the roofer didn\u2019t have a motive to drop the tile. And yet, this unfortunate event is a deterministic process, which means that it can be theoretically fully explained on basis of all relevant circumstances (the timing, the location, the reason for accidental dropping etc). The state of affairs is different when quantum fluctuations join the game \u2013 these are by definition indeterministic, i.e. <strong>\u201creal random\u201d coincidences<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We do not yet quite know at our current state of research, which phenomena are strongly or weakly emergent. When phenomena seem to be strongly emergent, it could be that more research leads to an explanation of the dynamics of the individual parts and therefore the phenomenon in question is actually weakly emergent. This is why for a scientist it is highly recommendable to assume weak emergence (and <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/ReconcilingNaturalAndSocialSciences_JuliaHEURITSCH.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ontological reductionism<\/a><sup>2<\/sup>), otherwise one would forgo any possibility to explain up front. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>\u201cThe outer influences as well as the interactions of the parts with each other can be truly deterministic, but they can also be pure coincidence. The question of the nature of randomness is [\u2026] of fundamental philosophical importance: <strong>Is a random event genuinely not explainable by deterministic processes or does it just seem random, because of our lack of knowledge about the underlying actually deterministic processes?<\/strong> The majority of physicists<sup>2<\/sup> reckon: both kinds of coincidences exist, whereby true randomness is based in quantum mechanics. <\/p><cite>\u2013 [1: p.77; translated from German]<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Emergence \u2013 How Stupid Things Become Smart Together\" width=\"790\" height=\"444\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/16W7c0mb-rE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Watch this illustrative video on emergence<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Why do we talk about weak emergence if it is not in fact \u201creal\u201d emergence? The term is very useful, because \u2013 whether weak or strong \u2013 <strong>emergence emphasises the phenomenal, factually novel<\/strong> <strong>and different character of systematic and macroscopic properties as compared to the properties of the individual parts<\/strong>. Synergetics delivers an explanation of how we can draw explanations on the abstract macro-phenomenological level without full knowledge or inclusion of the micro level<sup>[1: p.135]<\/sup>, which is what we already do in science and in daily life anyways. For example, we can describe an organisational culture, without having to refer to the individual behaviour of the employees, which contribute to the culture and are influenced by it (emergence- and enslavement principle).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6><strong><u><strong><u><strong><strong><strong><u><strong><u>A hierarchy of interacting self-organised systems<\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong> <\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>To summarise the model of self-organisation (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Icanbeme_SynergeticsModel.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fig. 1<\/a><\/strong>): The individual parts of a system interact with each other and the environment (micro level). The control parameters describe the conditions for these interactions. Phenomena (macro level) emerge from these complex and non-linear interactions, introducing novel qualities (emergence principle), which, in turn, influence the individual parts (enslavement principle). Therefore, we are dealing with <strong>circular causality<\/strong>: phenomena on the micro level cause phenomena on the macro level, which in turn influence the micro level, and so forth. The question where the initial start was is probably a chicken-and-egg problem. Macro-and micro level are relative to each other, depending on the respective system, and yield dynamics which influence other systems and the environment:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>\u201cThe system\u2019s order parameter dynamic can become the control parameter of another system and the other way round [\u2026] A self-organised system is part of a whole hierarchy of other systems, whereby the system\u2019s macroscopic dynamics become the micro processes of another system, and so forth. This applies to neuronal, psychological as well as to interpersonal processes.\u201d <\/p><cite>\u2013 [1: p.246; translated from German]<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>You may remember <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Icanbeme_ColemanBoat.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the Coleman Boat<\/a> from the <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/29\/science-decision-making-episode-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">last episode of the decision making series<\/a>, which illustrated the emergence of social phenomena from the interaction of human beings? In essence, this figure was just a simpler illustration of the model of self-organization (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Icanbeme_SynergeticsModel.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fig. 1<\/a><\/strong>). Is it now obvious why I stated in that episode, that rational choice theory is an application of synergetics for the emergence of social phenomena?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6><strong><u><strong><u><strong><strong><strong><u><strong><u><strong><u>Chaos or order? Chaos AND order!<\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Last but not least, <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/30\/synergetics-dictionary\/#Definition_Chaos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">chaos theory<\/a> comes into the picture of synergetics. Contrary to how we use the term chaos in our daily lives, chaos in physics does not denote complete disorder, but actually requires some state of order!<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Schmetterlingseffekt-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3145\" width=\"441\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Schmetterlingseffekt-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Schmetterlingseffekt-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Schmetterlingseffekt-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Schmetterlingseffekt-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Schmetterlingseffekt.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 441px) 100vw, 441px\" \/><figcaption><strong>The Butterfly Effect<\/strong>; Source: 100SekundenPhysik \u2013&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GHZo-RJtjUM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Die Chaostheorie<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u201cChaos is a self-organising process\u201d, which results from the interaction of a plurality of different elements<sup>[1: p.304]<\/sup>. Chaos theory is commonly known as the &#8220;butterfly effect&#8221;; a stroke of a butterfly\u2019s wing may cause a tornado on the other side of the globe. This illustration emphasises one of the most important characteristics of chaos: a minor change in the root cause (wing flap), may lead to a major impact (tornado). Therefore, we observe a <em>non-linear<\/em> relationship between input and output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contrary to our linear understanding of causality of our mechanistic image of the world \u2013 a certain input causes certain output \u2013 a property of chaos is that the output is not that easily predictable. Chaotic processes are only <em>contingently predictable<\/em>, because small deviations in a process may lead to large differences in the further course of events. Contrary to our intuition, however, chaotic processes are generally <em>deterministic<\/em>, which means that they are \u2013 at least theoretically \u2013 fully explainable. Except, of course, quantum mechanical randomness is at play. Chaos arises from the non-linear interactions happening in complex systems. Not only the weather, but also our brains, social interactions and organisations are all examples of such \u201cchaotic\u201d systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>One could say that <strong>self-organisation is chaotic order<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, synergetics is able to model complex systems by means of chaos theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6><strong><u><strong><u><strong><strong><strong><u><strong><u><strong><u><strong><u>Synergetics: The Meta-Theory of Self-Organisation<\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Self-organisation is \u201ccharacterised by coherent pattern formation, spontaneous order transitions, internal dynamics and the emergence of novel qualities\u201d<sup>[1: p.64]<\/sup>. Self-organisation doesn\u2019t only happen within physical phenomena, such as water waves or planetary motions, but also within learning and development processes of humans and social structures. Synergetics can explain how macroscopic phenomena of all sorts emerge out of microscopic ones and how they can impact them in turn. Synergetics does so by means of chaos theory and its key principles (control parameter, order parameter, enslaved parts and circular causality). <strong>The key achievement of synergetics is its ability to explain and model the dynamics of highly complex phenomena, based on these few principles. Therefore, synergetics is a meta-theory for self-organisation and transition processes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Synergetics, thus, delivers scientific explanations for change and transformation processes. The <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/04\/science-self-organisation-episode-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">next episode<\/a> of the synergetics series digs into what transformation means in terms of synergetics. How one can make use of the self-organising potentials of a complex system, I will describe in the <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/05\/science-self-organisation-episode-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">episode after next<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<font face=\"verdana\" size=\"1\"> \n<sup>1<\/sup> Remember, that in <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/23\/science-decision-making-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> this episode<\/a> of human decision making we learnt that human behaviour is based on an actor\u2019s own values and the system\u2019s values (so-called institutional norms) in which they navigate. <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/26\/science-decision-making-episode-1-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> Institutional norms<\/a> are therefore order parameters.\n\n<br>\n<br>\n<sup>2<\/sup>\nAs a natural scientist I believe in <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/ReconcilingNaturalAndSocialSciences_JuliaHEURITSCH.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ontological reductionism<\/a>, which means that the whole of reality consists of a minimal number of different parts (strings? quarks?) and physical laws of interaction that make up all that exists (through emergence). I believe that, at least in theory, everything must be explainable on this basis. (Of course, in most cases it\u2019s not necessary or practical to break down everything into the micro level of atoms and quarks.) The only way I see \u201creal unexplainable\u201d dynamics factoring in is by means of quantum mechanics, which could lead to true chance. I have had many discussions with social scientists, who do not believe in ontological reductionism. Until today, I think one who doesn\u2019t believe in reductionism, believes in magic. After all, if you do not think that a certain phenomenon can be at least theoretically explained, you believe in something unexplainable like magic. This is also why many physicists are uncomfortable with quantum mechanics, because it\u2019s the closest scientific theory to magic there is. I have also experienced some social scientists dramatizing the role of quantum mechanics, to put a scientific label on their belief in magic. Beware, if one brings quantum fluctuations into the game, one must also be able to explain, why and how they are able to \u201csurface\u201d (i.e. influence) macro-phenomena. Which is what we will do in the <a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/04\/science-self-organisation-episode-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">next episode<\/a>.\n<\/font>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\"><em>References<\/em>\n[1] Haken, H. &amp; Schiepek, G. (2006, [2010]): \u201cSynergetik in der Psychologie \u2013 Selbstorganisation verstehen und gestalten\u201d, Hogrefe; <em>Quotes are translated from German by me<\/em><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Navigate through the episodes of the special theme<em> The Science of Human Behaviour<\/em> here:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4><strong>Table of Contents<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"0\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/special-themes\/the-science-of-human-behaviour\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Introduction to&nbsp;<em>The Science of Human Behaviour<\/em><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/08\/30\/science-motivation-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Motivation<\/a>: Research shows that there are 5 different types of motivation. Especially the aggregate forms \u2013 <strong>autonomous vs. controlled motivation<\/strong> \u2013 have a different impact on our well-being.<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/08\/30\/science-motivation-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 1<\/a>: 5 Types of Motivation<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/19\/science-motivation-episode-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 2<\/a>: Impact of Motivation on our Well-Being<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/23\/science-decision-making-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Decision Making<\/a>: <strong>Rational Choice Theory<\/strong> explains how we make our 35000 daily decisions and how social phenomena arise from our individual behaviour.<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/23\/science-decision-making-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 1<\/a>: From situation to action<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/26\/science-decision-making-episode-1-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 1.1<\/a>: Institutional Norms<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/28\/science-decision-making-episode-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 2<\/a>: Taking action<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/25\/the-science-of-human-behaviour-decision-making-episode-2-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 2.1<\/a>: Excursion: Deviant Behaviour<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/29\/science-decision-making-episode-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 3<\/a>: Emergence of Social Phenomena<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/03\/science-self-organisation-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Self-Organisation &amp; Transformation<\/a>: <strong>Synergetics <\/strong>\u2013 the meta-theory of order transitions \u2013 connects the natural sciences with the social sciences and explain what we can change and what we cannot.<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/09\/30\/synergetics-dictionary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Synergetics-Dictionary<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/03\/science-self-organisation-episode-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 1<\/a>: Physical principles and basics<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/04\/science-self-organisation-episode-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 2<\/a>: The relevance of transformation<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2022\/10\/05\/science-self-organisation-episode-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 3<\/a>: The Agile Organisation <\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/icanbeme.space\/index.php\/2023\/02\/01\/synergetic-navigation-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Episode 3.1<\/a>: The Synergetic Navigation System (SNS)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Written by Julia Heuritsch | Last edited: 3rd October 2022<\/em><br><em>This article was originally written for the&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/unternehmensdemokraten.de\/2020\/11\/02\/synergetik-physikalische-prinzipien\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>blog of the unternehmensdemokraten<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Synergetics: Physical principles and basics<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[32,34],"tags":[16,17,38,37],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Science: Self-Organisation - 1 | I can be me Blog - Julia Heuritsch<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Synergetics is the meta-theory of self-organisation and transformation. 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